Sol-gel derived rib waveguides for evanescent wave spectroscopy
Cuma TYSZKIEWICZ*, Paweł KARASIŃSKI, Roman ROGOZIŃSKI
Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, ul. B. Krzywoustego 2, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
* cuma.tyszkiewicz@polsl.pl
Planar evanescent wave sensors (EWS) are important tools for detection of the presence of (bio)chemical compounds as well as for studying kinetics of biochemical reactions [1]. Planar EWS have wide application spectrum including: biomedicine, pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, diagnostics as well as in-situ environmental monitoring. Planar EWS offer high sensitivities, reliability, stability of their parameters, mechanical resistance, ability for miniaturization and mass production [1]. Achievement of high sensitivities is conditioned by application of waveguides having high refractive index contrast [2]. Achievement of EWS parameters stability is conditioned by application of chemically resistant waveguide films [3]. Slab or channel waveguides are used for development of planar EWS [1]. Channel waveguides are fundamental elements of planar interferometric EWS structures.
Switching and cross-talk characteristics of compact thermal tuners on a Silicon Nitride platform
Daniel PÉREZ1, Juan FERNÁNDEZ2, Rocío BAÑOS1, José David DOMÉNECH2, Ana M. SÁNCHEZ3, Josep M. CIRERA3, Roser MAS3, Javier SÁNCHEZ3, Sara DURÁN3, Emilio PARDO3, Carlos DOMÍNGUEZ3, Daniel PASTOR1, José CAPMANY1,2 and Pascual MUÑOZ1,2,*
1Photonic IC-group at the Photonics Research Labs, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
2VLC Photonics S.L., C/ Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
3Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC) C/ del Til·lers. Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Bellaterra) Spain
* pascua@ieee.org
Abstract: Thermal tuners with footprint of 20x5 μm2 and switching power of 350 mW are reported on Silicon Nitride, with thermal-cross talk, in terms of induced phase change in adjacent devices of less than one order of magnitude at distances over 20 μm.
Nanoimprint Fabrication of Hybrid Polymer Microring Resonators Operating at Very Near Infrared Wavelengths
Rodica MORARESCU1*, Pijush PAL1, Nuria Teigell BENEITEZ 2 , Jeroen MISSINNE2, Geert Van STEENBERGE2 , Peter BIENSTMAN1, Geert MORTHIER1
1 Photonics Research Group, NB – Photonics, Ghent University – IMEC, Belgium 2 Centre for MicroSystems Technology (CMST), Imec and Ghent University
* Rodica.Morarescu@UGent.be
The motivation of our work was to fabricate using a new low cost method, large area of polymer microring resonators with a minimum number of process steps operating in the very-near infrared region (900 nm). Our optimized fabrication method results in generation of high-quality devices with Q factors up to 39 000 and finesses up to F ~ 14. Most of the earlier studies described in the literature considering polymer-based photonic devices characterization and applications have been focused at infrared wavelengths. However, there is an urgent challenge and demand for the development of polymer photonic based devices closer toor at visible wavelengths, taking into account that the absorption of water is about two thousand times lower in the visible range than in near infrared regions and that lower cost light sources are available in this range. Because of this, it is expected that our fabricated structures have high potential for biosensing applications.
Integrated optical time division reflectometer
Stanisław STOPIŃSKI*1, Krzysztof ANDERS1, Marcin LELIT1, Luc AUGUSTIN2 and Ryszard PIRAMIDOWICZ1
1Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
2SMART Photonics B.V., Horsten 1, 5612 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
* S.Stopinski@imio.pw.edu.pl
An optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) is a device commonly used for testing and monitoring of fiber-optic networks of every kind [1,2]. Despite significant progress in the field, it should be noted that contemporary devices are typically bulky, comprising discrete optoelectronic components and designed for monitoring of a single optical fiber link only. In this work we propose two application specific photonic integrated circuits (ASPICs) designed and developed for a novel OTDR system, which combines the advantages of compactness and multi-channel operation.
Lossy Metallic Micro/Nano-Structures for Solar Thermal Applications
S. NÚÑEZ-SÁNCHEZ1*, E. BAQUEDANO-PERALVAREZ2, J. PUGH1, P. A. POSTIGO2, N.A. FOX3 and M. J.CRYAN1
1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, U. K.
2Instituto de Microelectrónica de Madrid, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain.
3School of Chemistry, CVD Diamond Group, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK.
* S.Nunez-Sanchez@bristol.ac.uk
Research on controlling heat in photonic devices has been fuelled by their potential application in energy devices, mainly in solar energy[1]–[3]. In this environment thermionic emission is an emerging technology where energy converters turn heat directly into electricity. The basic thermionic solar converter structure is a hot cathode separated from a cooler anode by a vacuum gap. The hot cathode should be a perfect light absorber and a perfect electron emitter in a compact, low cost, planar device. The final objective of our work is to integrate a thermionic solar-energy converted based on polycrystalline diamond as an active material. Diamond thermionic solar converters require substrates with excellent high temperature performance since they have to operate continuously at temperatures around 900 ˚C. Noble metals are an excellent platform for plasmonic applications, however they have a poor performance at high temperatures with melting points close to the working temperature. Therefore our main design requirement for the viability of our integrated device is to work with unconventional metals with higher melting points than noble metals, for example, nickel or molybdenum.
Study of optical ridge waveguide based on porous silicon layers at 7.8 µm A.
Gutierrez-Arroyo*, J. Lemaitre, P. Girault, M. Guendouz, N. Lorrain, L. Bodiou and J. Charrier*
FOTON -UMR-CNRS 6082, ENSSAT CS 80518, F-22305 Lannion Cedex, France
* gutierre@enssat.fr, * joel.charrier@univ-rennes1.fr
The implementation of a Mid-InfraRed (MIR) silicon photonics transducer with broad transparency (up to 8 µm) is a challenge that could find applications in spectroscopic sensing and environmental monitoring. Due to silica absorption above 3.6 µm, the conventional silicon-on-insulator platform, used in the near infrared (NIR) wavelength range, is not adapted for MIR broadband silicon photonic integrated circuits. Another approach is to use porous silicon (PSi). However, if several photonic integrated circuits based on PSi were demonstrated in the NIR wavelength range [1, 2], only few structures have been implemented in the MIR. A waveguide in which the guiding layer is a silicon layer and the waveguide cladding is a PSi layer created by high-energy proton beam irradiation and electrochemical etching was proposed [3]. However, high propagation losses were measured in these structures at 3.39 µm. PSi optical rugate filters with reflectance peaks matching specific spectral features of molecules in the region from 4 to 8 µm have also been fabricated [4]. This work demonstrates, for the first time to our knowledge, the implementation, at MIR wavelength (up to 7.8 µm), of an optical ridge waveguide where both guiding and confinement layers are fabricated by electrochemically-prepared PSi layers.
Modelling of intensity planar waveguide transducers supporting surface plasmon polaritons
Cuma TYSZKIEWICZ*, Paweł KARASIŃSKI
Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, ul. B. Krzywoustego 2, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
* cuma.tyszkiewicz@polsl.pl
Planar evanescent wave sensors (EWS) are important tools for detection of the presence of (bio)chemical compounds as well as for studying kinetics of biochemical reactions [1]. An optical transducer is a part of the EWS, in which the measurand is transduced on a change of the guided wave parameters: an intensity, a phase, a polarization. An interaction between the measurand and a guided wave is being realized by a sensitive film. A planar waveguide is a fundamental part of the optical transducers, which can be categorized into two general categories: phase transducers and intensity transducers [2,3]. Theoretical analysis allows optimization of EWS parameters allowing achievement of its desirable sensitive parameters. This work is devoted to modeling of the planar multilayer waveguide intensity transducer utilizing surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes for detection of refractive index changes.
Near-stoichiometric Ti:D:LiNbO3 (D = Mg2+, Sc3+, Ga3+, Zr4+) Optical Waveguides for Integrated Optics
De-Long Zhang1,2*, Xiao-Fei Yang1, Wing-Han Wong2, Edwin Yue-Bun Pun2
1 School of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
2 Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
* dlzhang@tju.edu.cn
Near-stoichiometric (NS) Ti:D:LiNbO3(D=Mg2+, Sc3+, a3+, Zr4+) strip waveguides were fabricated by D-diffusion-doping, Ti-diffusion and post vapor-transport-equilibration. We exemplify Ti:Zr:LiNbO3 to demonstrate its implementation. We show that the waveguide is NS, well supports both TE and TM single-modes, and Zr4+ concentration in the waveguide is above optical-damage threshold.
Dual-input scheme for high resolution integrated AWG-based ber Bragg grating interrogator
Dzmitry PUSTAKHOD*, Kevin WILLIAMS, Xaveer LEIJTENS Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
* d.pustakhod@tue.nl
Introduction. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are nowadays used in several applications, e.g. structural health monitoring or chemical sensing [1]. A central part of an FBG-readout system is the interrogation unit, which measures or tracks the wavelength of the light reected from the grating. The typical static resolution of current commercial FBGs is in the order of 2 to 4 microstrain (2.5 to 5 pm) [1], and the best value reported is 40 nanostrain (0.05 pm) [2]. FBG-readout units can be both costly and bulky and photonic integration can be used to signi_cantly reduce their size and cost, with successful demonstration of achieved resolution from half a picometer [3] to a few picometers [4]. As a _gure of merit to compare various devices we are using the ratio between resolution and full measurement range, with a record demonstrated value of 0.02% [1]. We present the design and measurements of an integrated interrogator based on an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) with modifed inputs with receiverlimited resolution of 0.96 pm, which is 0.01% of the measurement range of 10 nm.
Threshold Analysis of 2-D Gain and Index Coupled Photonic Crystal Lasers
Marcin KOBA1,2*, Paweł SZCZEPAŃSKI1,2
1Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
2National Institute of Telecommunications, Szachowa 1, 04-894 Warszawa, Poland
* M.Koba@elka.pw.edu.pl
In this work we compare threshold mode operation of Index and ain coupled photonic crystal lasers. The active region of the laser structure consists of two materials – background material with high refractive index and cylindrical rodsholes arranged in square or triangular lattice with low refractive index. It is worth noting that some other rods geometries might be considered in future works, e.g., [1]. For the two structures and two lattices types two orthogonal polarizations, i.e., transverse magnetic and transverse electric, are investigated. From the eight possible cases the most favorable design in terms of lasing threshold is determined. The analysis is based on the coupled mode theory, which gives sets of coupled equations for each of the investigated cases. An exemplary set of equations for square lattice index and gain coupled structure with TM polarization is given by [2,3]:
Integrated Photonic Lithium-Niobate Electric-Field Sensor utilizing a Y-fed Balanced-Bridge(YBB) MachZehnder Interferometric Modulator
Hongsik Jung1*
Dept. Electronic & Electrical Eng., Hongik Univ., 2639, Sejong-ro, Jochiwon, Sejong, 339-701, Korea
hsjun@hongik.ac.kr
We designed, fabricated and characterized a compact and highly sensitive integrated photonic electric-field sensor based on a Ti:LiNbO3 1×2 YBB-MZI modulator driven by a patch dipole antenna. The modulators have been formed from titanium-diffused lithium Niobate waveguides at the wavelength of 1.3 μm. The YBB-MZI modulator consists of a 3 dB directional coupler at the output and has two complementary output waveguide as shown in Fig. 1(a). For electric-field sensing, a dipole patch antenna arranged on one arm of the MZI structure, as shown in Fig. 1(b) induces the electric-field on one of the two arms of the MZI, which results in a change of refractive index and an unbalanced modulation.
Pareto optimization of group delay response of apodized tapered fibre gratings
Konrad MARKOWSKI1, Kazimierz JEDRZEJEWSKI1, Tomasz OSUCH1,2*
1Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, Warsaw, 00-665, Poland
2National Institute of Telecommunications, Szachowa 1, Warsaw, 04-894, Poland
* T.Osuch@elka.pw.edu.pl
It was proved that practical usage of dispersion properties of chirped FB requires shaping the envelope of the induced (by the UV exposure) refractive index changes using apodization function to achieve reduction of the oscillations in group delay characteristic [1]. Among many apodization functions, it was shown that hyperbolic tangent (tanh) profile provides better dispersion compensation properties than the others [2,3]. The tanh apodization function may be written as follows:
A novel approach for comb-drive driving systems used in MOEMS
Magdalena EKWINSKA1*, Dariusz SZMIGIEL1, Tomasz BIENIEK1, Francesco IVALDI1
1Institute of Electron Technology, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Polska
Lab4MEMS II is a Joint Undertaking project involving 19 industrial, research and academic partners under the lead of STMicroelectronics. The project combines several of the Key Enabling Technologies (KET) as indicated by the High Level roup – namely nanotechnology, micro-electronics and advanced packaging – pursuing the setup of a pilot line for innovative Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MOEMS). Following a More-Than-Moore approach on novel technologies Lab4MEMS II is focused on the development, testing and validation of devices such as micro-projectors, 3D infrared scanners and near-infrared micro-spectrometers. Sensing and manipulation of optical signals using integrated mechanical and electrical systems, together with advanced packaging technology are key aspects in the development of next generation MOEMS devices. The success of the project will open the way to the worldwide commercialization of future applications such as contactless commanding of devices, holographic imaging and smart driving.
White luminescence in borate and phosphate glasses containing lead
Marta SOŁTYS1*, Agnieszka KOS1, Joanna PISARSKA1, Wojciech A. PISARSKI1
1University of Silesia, Institute of Chemistry, Szkolna 9 Street, Katowice, 40-007, Poland
* martasoltys@interia.pl
Generation of white light has become a challenging task nowadays as the white lightbased devices are considered as important components of human electronic interface. To produce white light by conventional way, a blended set of various phosphors are usually used in fluorescent lamps, so that the wavelengths at which the phosphors emit are distributed evenly. Rare earth doped borate and phosphate glasses [1] belonging to wide family of inorganic glass systems could be considered as favorable alternative luminescent materials replacing conventional phosphors for white LEDs due to their some potential advantages such as, lower production cost, simpler manufacturing procedure, homogeneous light emission and better thermal stability. Among various glass host matrices, borate glasses containing lead [2, 3] have attracted considerable attention, because they possess excellent luminescence properties. Different scientific works focused on rare earth-doped glasses have succeeded in generating white light, although co-doping with at least two different rare earth ions (Ln3+) is necessary and strongly recommended by several co-workers.
Monolithic Integration of Facetless Slotted FabryPerot Lasers and Star Coupler
Niall P. KELLY1,2*, Padraic E. MORRISSEY2, Frank H. PETERS1,2
1. Physics Department, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
2Integrated Photonics Group, Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland
* Niall.Kelly@tyndall.ie
Monolithic photonic integrated circuits (PICs) based on InP have provided an effective solution to realize advance functions at a system level with compact size. Other advantages include low power consumption, simpler coupling between elements and packaging resulting in higher reliability and lower cost [1]. We demonstrate a PIC comprising of two facetless slotted Fabry-Perot (SFP) lasers, a star coupler, pseudo passive waveguides and variable optical attenuators (VOAs) (see Fig 1(a)).
Technology of infrared photodetectors based on graphene layers
Robert MROCZYŃSKI*, Norbert KWIETNIEWSKI, Jerzy PIOTROWSKI, Paweł SZCZEPAŃSKI
Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
* rmroczyn@elka.pw.edu.pl
It is commonly observable that, nowadays, „state-of-the-art” infrared photodetectors are based on narrow-band-gap semiconductors, i.e.: HgCdTe or InSb [1,2]. However, after discovery of graphene in 2004, a monolayer to few layers of sp2 bonded carbon in a honeycomb lattice, the extensive studies of its potential application have been performed [3]. This is due to the fact that grapheme is characterized by very high intrinsic carrier mobility (in theory over 200 000 cm2/Vs) with a good mechanical and thermodynamic stability [4,5]. Graphene seems also to be a good candidate for potential application in a variety of optoelectronic and photonic devices. The graphenebased photodetectors, due to its unique band structure, can exhibit relatively ultrawide range of operational wavelengths, with high operating speed [6].
Liquid crystal materials with high birefringence and low-loss for THz applications
Piotr GARBAT1*, Katarzyna GARBAT2, Janusz PARKA1
1Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
2 Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
* p.garbat@elka.pw.edu.pl
Liquid crystals with a high birefringence are increasingly exploited in many photonic devices working in the visible and infrared range [1,2]. Liquid crystals are also excellent materials for THz applications because of their unique properties [3]. The one of the most important property is the possibility of tuning using electric or magnetic field the refractive index value of liquid crystal and hence phase shift according to where d – thickness of LC, ∆n – birefringence and λ – wavelenght.
Polarization Rotator with High Performance for Integrated Photonic Membranes
Victor DOLORES-CALZADILLA1*, Jos J.G.M. VAN DER TOL2, Meint SMIT2
1Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz Institute, Einsteinufer 37, 10587 Berlin, Germany
2Photonic Integration Group, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
* victor.calzadilla@hhi.fraunhofer.de
Polarization diversity is important for the implementation of polarization-independent circuits [1], polarization division multiplexing [2], etc. Generally there are two kinds of polarization converters: those based on mode interference and those which rely on an adiabatic mode evolution [1]. In this contribution, we propose a polarization rotator (PR) device for InP-membranes on Silicon (IMOS) [3] based on adiabatic mode evolution that exploits the strong confinement of photonic membranes to operate with mode cut-off waveguides, i.e. single-mode single-polarization (SMSP) waveguides. This novel feature guarantees high polarization conversion efficiency (PCE), since the undesired polarized mode is cut-off. While most of the devices reported in literature focus only on achieving high PCE, our design achieves overall high performance, i.e. ultra-high PCE, negligible insertion loss (IL) and large bandwidth.
Equivalent Circuit Modelling of Integrated TravelingWave Optical Modulator in InP Foundry Platform
Weiming YAO1*, Giovanni GILARDI1, Meint K. SMIT1, Michael J. WALE2
1COBRA Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
2Oclaro Technology Ltd., Caswell, Northamptonshire, NN12 8EQ, United Kingdom
* w.yao@tue.nl
In this paper we present an electro-optical model for traveling-wave modulator devices utilizing measurement-based equivalent circuit model extraction in conjunction with microwave CAD simulation techniques. Model verification is performed with frequencydomain and time-domain characterization of an integrated Mach-Zehnder modulator from an InP Foundry process.
Fabrication technology of a slot waveguide modulator in InP Membranes on Silicon (IMOS)
A.J. MILLAN-MEJIA*, Y. JIAO, J.J.G.M. VAN DER TOL, M.K. SMIT
Photonic Integration Group (PhI), Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Technische Universiteit, Eindhoven, De Rondom 70, 5612AP, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
* alonso.mlln@gmail.com
Abstract: For the InP Membranes On Silicon (IMOS) platform [1], we developed an electro-optic modulator based on a slot-waveguide with a high nonlinear polymer. A variety of fabrication techniques are used, including electron beam lithography (EBL), optical lithography (OL), dry etching and metallization. The fabrication of such modulator requires a complex fabrication process. In this work we present and discuss the most important fabrication steps.
Layout-Aware Schematic-Driven Design Methodology for Photonic Integrated Circuits
Sergei F. MINGALEEV1*, Stanislau G. SAVITSKI1, Eugene S. SOKOLOV1, Igor G. KOLTCHANOV2, and André RICHTER2
1VPI Development Center, Filimonova str. 15, Minsk, 220037, Belarus 2VPIphotonics GmbH, Carnotstrasse 6, Berlin, 10587, Germany
* sergei.mingaleev@vpiphotonics.com
Impressive advances in integrated Si and InP photonics technologies drive rapid commercialization efforts and raise promises for the rise of an emergent global market. However, costs associated with the design and fabrication of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are still several orders of magnitude higher than those for their microelectronic counterparts, which limits rapid application of PICs in many areas. The need to reduce these costs has been a major driving force for the integrated photonics development during the past few years. Similar to electronics, the main approach to cost reduction is based on introducing standardized process design kits (PDKs) and a generic foundry model [1-2]. Integration of this approach into modern photonic design automation (PDA) tools is actively expedited, with a focus on interoperability between circuit-level simulators and mask layout design tools [2-5].
Wavelength Locking Platform for 4×10 Gbit/s L-Band Si-Photonic Multiplexer and Carver
Andrea MELLONI1*, Stefano GRILLANDA1, Marco CARMINATI1, Emanuele GUGLIELMI1, Nicola PESERICO1, Federica MAULÁ1, Giorgio FERRARI1, Antoine DENTIN2, Alberto DEDÉ2, Antonio BERETTA2, Danilo NICOLATO2, Marco CREATINI2, Barry HOLMES3, Charalambos KLITIS3, Marc SOREL3, Shengmeng FU4, Ruiqiang JI4, Antonello VANNUCCI2, Marco SAMPIETRO1 and Francesco MORICHETTI1
1Politecnico di Milano, Dip. di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, 20133 Milano, Italy
2Linkra Microtech, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
3University of Glasgow, School of Engineering, G12 8LT Glasgow, United Kingdom
4Fixed Network Research Department, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., 518129 Shenzhen, China
*andrea.melloni@polimi.it
Silicon (Si) photonics is a promising platform to satisfy the ever-increasing request for high-capacity, high-performance, low-cost and low-power consumption of high datarates interconnections. Yet, Si circuits are extremely sensitive to parasitic effects such as manufacturing tolerances and thermal crosstalk, strongly limiting circuit complexity. Here, we demonstrate a wavelength locking platform enabling automatic feedback control of a Si photonic circuit performing multiplexing and carving of 4×10 Gbit/s wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) channels in the L-band.
Design of a High Speed Silicon Modulator Based on a Vertical pn Junction at 1.31µm Wavelength
Andrea ZANZI1*, Antoine BRIMONT1, Pablo SANCHIS1, Javier MARTI1
1Valencia Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València Building 8F | 1st Floor, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
* anzan@ntc.upv.es
The request of intra-chip optical interconnects made possible that silicon-on insulator (SOI) is currently considered as one of the most promising platforms to achieve dense integration of photonic devices at low cost, owing to its high-index contrast and compatibility with mature complementary metal-oxide semi-conductor (CMOS) fabrication process. Here, we present the design of a highly efficient carrier depletionbased modulator a 1.31 µm wavelength, which “on”-“off” ratio can be improved via the use of an asymmetrical multi-mode interference (MMIs) couplers with low loss penalty.
3.8 μm Heterogeneously Integrated III-V on Silicon Micro-Spectrometer
Anton VASILIEV1,2*, Muhammad MUNEEB1,2,3, Alfonso RUOCCO1,2, Aditya MALIK1,2, Hongtao CHEN1,2, Milos NEDELJKOVIC4, Jordi SOLER-PENADES4, Laurent CERUTTI5, Jean-Baptiste RODRIGUEZ5, Goran MASHANOVICH4, Meint SMIT3, Eric TOURNIE5 and Günther ROELKENS1,2,3
1Photonics Research Group, Ghent University-imec, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
2Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Belgium
3COBRA Research Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands.
4Optoelectronics Research Center, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
5Université de Montpellier, IES, UMR 5214, F-34000 Montpellier, France and CNRS, IES, UMR 5214, F-34000 Montpellier, France
* Anton.Vasiliev@UGent.be
Hydrocarbon- and organic compounds have characteristic absorption features in the 3–4 µm wavelength range [1], and the detection and analysis of such compounds is of great importance for many practical applications. A number of discrete opto-electronic light emitters and photodetectors have already been demonstrated that allow realizing spectroscopic systems in this wavelength range [2,3]. The integration of such components on a photonic integrated circuit is essential for the miniaturization and cost reduction of spectroscopic sensor systems.
Integrated electro-optical and all-optical waveguide devices with nematic liquid crystals
Michał KWAŚNY, Paweł JUNG, Iga OSTROMĘCKA, Urszula LAUDYN*
Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Physics, Koszykowa 75, Warsaw 00-662, Poland
* ulaudyn@if.pw.edu.pl
The huge availability of liquid crystals (LCs) mixtures with a variety of parameters (including optical birefringence, sign of electrical and optical anisotropy, thermal stability, etc.) allows easy customization of the designed device for specific conditions and allows for an operation in a variable range. There are many non-display applications of LCs in modern photonic systems, which are among others: sensors, diffractive and reflective elements, integrated optical waveguide devices, switchers and routers. A specially design liquid crystal cell with a properly chosen quality of the alignment layer provides switching and routing of optical signal without the need its conversion into electrical signal, possibly the simplest in operation, running stably and allowing for easy implementation in existing fiber optic networks.
Generation of Path- Entangled Photon Pairs in a Periodically Poled Planar Waveguide
Divya BHARADWAJ1*, K. THYAGARAJAN1
1Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
* divyabharadwaj4@gmail.com
Abstract: We present design and analysis of direct generation of path entangled photon pairs in a periodically poled planar waveguide.
Antimony-gemanate active glass-ceramic optical fiber
Jacek ŻMOJDA1, Marcin KOCHANOWICZ1, Piotr MILUSKI1 Dominik DOROSZ1*
1Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A Street, Bialystok, 15-351, Poland
* d.dorosz@pb.edu.pl
Development of nano-phase in transparent glass-ceramic photonic materials and in particular optical fibers is still observed [1-3]. The main reasons are specific structural and optical properties of this kind of materials resulting from two-phase structure (amorphous and crystalline) caused by nanocrystals embedded in a glassy host. The presence of the crystalline environment surrounding the rare earth ion allows to achieve high absorption and emission cross sections, lower phonon energy and optimization of the ion-ion interaction. Among these properties the transparency and the thermal stability are the most important features when the optical planar structures and optical fibers are considered. In practice, the composition of core glass plays a crucial role in multicomponent glass-ceramic optical fiber technology. Up to day, a lot of photonic glasses and ceramization methods are presented in original papers [46]. However, the problem with additional heat treatment process of glass-ceramic core during fiber drawing still exists and needs to be investigated.
Mutually Coupled Semiconductor Lasers in Photonic Integrated Circuits
Fabien Dubois*1,2, Ehsan SOOUDI1,2, Padraic E. MORRISEY1,2, J. Alexander1,2, H. Yang1,2, Frank H. PETERS2
1Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, Dyke Parade, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
2University College Cork, College Road, T12 YN60, Ireland
* fabien.dubois@tyndall.ie
Mutually coupled lasers (MCLs) have proven a rich area of study as a system of coupled nonlinear oscillators. They have exhibited interesting phenomena in the view of nonlinear dynamical systems such as multi-stabilities and coupled chaos. One interesting dynamical regime in this system is when the lasers operate in Continuous Wave (CW) with their frequency and phase mutually locked, [1]. This CW regime can be used to achieve advanced modulation formats, such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), [2] and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), [3], on a photonic integrated circuit (PIC). Despite theoretical studies on the MCLs with small separations (assumed near zero delay), [1, 4], there has been limited experimental investigations of MCLs on small separation scale [5]. In this work, we fabricate and experimentally characterize MCLs that have been integrated onto the same InP chip with small separations. Additionally we also carry out a theoretical study based on the work reported in, [4].
Novel MOEMS read-out system for multi-cantilever sensor arrays
F. Ivaldi1*, T. Bieniek1, P. Grabiec1, W. Majstrzyk2, D. Kopiec2, T. Gotszalk2
1Instytut Technologii Elektronowej – ITE Warsaw, Division of Silicon Microsystem and Nanostructure Technology, al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
2Wrocław University of Technology, Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, ul. Z. Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
* ivaldi@ite.waw.pl
Currently available sensor systems relying on multi-cantilever deflection detection by optical means are generally limited in their functionality by complexity and cost. Several laser sources as well as big sized detectors are needed to record the signal from each cantilever separately. In the frame of the ENIAC Joint Undertaking project Lab4MEMS II our group is currently developing a novel device capable of sensing large cantilever arrays using only a single laser source and a small sized position sensitive detector (PSD) (Figure 1). The device is a closely packed highly integrated Micro-OptoElectro-Mechanical-System (MOEMS) featuring dedicated optics, electronics and software combined with a commercially available micro-mirror. The system is being developed to become a lightweight and compact portable device, capable of determining measurement positions across the cantilever array automatically. The flexibility of the system makes it interesting for use in several fields ranging from research to industrial application.
Silicon Photonics for millimeter-Wave Generation: an Energy-Efficiency Analysis
Hakimeh MOHAMMADHOSSEINI*, Martijn J. R. HECK
Aarhus University, Department of Engineering, Finlandsgade 22, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
* hmohammadhosseini@eng.au.dk
Over the next decade, the bandwidth of wireless networks will continue to grow exponentially due to an increasingly interconnected and ‘smart’ environment. Current wireless frequency bands will not have enough capacity and a move towards the millimeter-wave (mmW) bands (30 GHz – 300 GHz) is required for 5G wireless networks. However, at these higher mmW carrier frequencies, the use of all-electronic solutions becomes increasingly inefficient and, hence, prohibitive.
Fabrication of a tunable thin-film-based optical array by structuring an elastomer layer
Hendrik BLOCK1*, Martina GERKEN1
1Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
* hbl@tf.uni-kiel.de
Manipulating light means controlling its phase, intensity andor beam shape. For macroscopic optical systems each property is adjusted by specific elements such as phase retarders, density filters or apertures, respectively. Since optical systems are continuously becoming miniaturised and integrated there is a need for small, costeffective and customizable optical elements in micrometre dimensions that are able to adopt these capabilities. Previously, we demonstrated a thermally tunable virtually imaged phased array [1] and a tunable optical aperture based on a thin-film resonator with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cavity. Here, we demonstrate that by local etching of the PDMS layer a wide range of micro-optic components may be realized suitable for chip-level integration and featuring low-cost scalable fabrication, easy customisation and adaption to the desired application.
A Novel Optically Wide-Band Electro-Absorption Modulator based on Bandfilling in n-InGaAs
Jorn P. VAN ENGELEN1*, Longfei SHEN1, Jos J.G.M VAN DER TOL1, Gunther C. ROELKENS1,2, Meint K. SMIT1
1Photonic Integration Research Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
2Photonic Research Group, Ghent University – IMEC, Belgium
* j.p.v.engelen@student.tue.nl
We propose a novel membrane electro-absorption modulator (EAM) integrated on silicon. The device is based on the carrier-concentration dependent absorption of highly-doped n-InGaAs. The modulator is predicted to be wide-band and to provide an extinction ratio (ER) of 7.5 dB, an insertion loss (IL) of 1.1 dB, a modulation speed above 10 Gbit/s and a power consumption of 80 fJ/bit. The modulator has a small footprint of 10 x 120 μmE and operates with a 1.5 V voltage swing.
Characterization of Integrated Photonics Sensors Interrogator
Jozef CHOVAN 1*, František UHEREK 1, Eduard KOZA 2, Dušan SYNAK 2
1 International Laser Centre, Ilkovičova 3, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
2 Sylex s.r.o., Mlynské luhy 31, 821 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
* chovan@ilc.sk
We report on results of integrated photonics sensors interrogator (IPSI) characterization. IPSI integrates 16 photodiodes, one 16 channels 50GHz Array Waveguide Gratings (AWG) with 6.4 nm free spectral range and 2×2 power splitters. IPSI is fabricated on InP material platform by Multiproject Wafer run of EU PARADIGM project [1]. The characterized IPSI is packaged into LINKRA package. Package contains also Peltier element and thermistor for temperature control and management.
Resonance Enhancement of a Monolithically Integrated Common Cavity Device
Justin K. ALEXANDER1,2,*, Padraic E. MORRISSEY1, Hua YANG1, Mingqi YANG1, Frank H. PETERS1,2
1Tyndall National Institute, Dyke Parade, Cork, Ireland
2Physics Department, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
* justin.alexander@tyndall.ie
The demand for optical bandwidth continues to increase at an exponential rate [1]. In order to maximise the capacity of current network infrastructure, new varieties of optical transmitters and receivers are under development. Monolithic integration of optical components on a common substrate has the potential to satisfy demand due to its ability to reduce component size, power consumption, and overall cost per unit in optical communication systems
Broad-Band Difference Interferometer
Kazimierz GUT1*, Tomasz HERZOG1, Tadeusz PUSTELNY1
1Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of technology, Krzywoustego 2, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
* kazimierz.gut@polsl.pl
Thanks to researches and the development of integrated optics devices for optical applications in the telecommunications, relatively cheap sources and detectors of optical radiation that can be used in the design of planar optical sensors [1, 2]. One of the commonly used sensor systems is the differential interferometer, based on planar waveguides [3]. In the analyzed system propagates a mode for wavelengths from 450 nm to 600 nm.
Simultaneous optimization of coupling efficiency and bandwidth of waveguide grating couplers
Marco PASSONI1*, Dario GERACE1, Lee CARROLL2, Lucio Claudio ANDREANI1
1Department of Physics, University of Pavia, via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
2University College Cork, Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland
* marco.passoni01@universitadipavia.it
We analyse the coupling of light between optical fibers and silicon waveguides in the Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) platform. This platform, providing both high-index contrast and low optical absorption, along with CMOS compatibility, is the leading candidate for the realisation of integrated photonic circuits in silicon[1]. However one outstanding issue is how to couple light from a single-mode optical fiber (which is the optimal system for long distance light propagation) into the SOI waveguide, taking into account the large difference in the lateral dimensions of the modes.
Monolithically Integrated 1×4 Comb De-multiplexer Based on Injection Locking
M. Deseada GUTIERREZ1,2*, Jules BRADDELL2, Frank SMYTH1,2, Liam P. BARRY1
1The Rince Institute, School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
2Pilot Photonics, Invent Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
* desi@pilotphotonics.com
High speed optical communication links are evolving towards the use of flexible and highly spectrally efficient techniques to meet the incessant exponential growth of global data traffic. Optical frequency combs (OFCs) have shown promise for use in next generation optical transceivers [1-4]. OFCs can enable a superior spectral efficiency by the reduction or elimination of guard bands as they ensure constant and stable frequency spacing between the carriers. Additionally, OFCs may offer free spectral range flexibility that allows a single source to be easily adapted to accommodate modulation format and baud rate adaptation, reducing operational costs, power consumption and footprint by replacing multiple lasers with one single subsystem.
Development of a WDM-PON system based on photonic integrated circuits
Stanisław STOPIŃSKI*, Aleksandra GOLBA, Anna JUSZA, Krzysztof ANDERS, Andrzej KAŹMIERCZAK and Ryszard PIRAMIDOWICZ
1Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
* S.Stopinski@imio.pw.edu.pl
Currently observed evolution of fiber-optic access networks shows an evident trend of switching to symmetric transmission, combined with implementation of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques to increase the total information capacity of a single physical fiber link. The dynamic development of networks’ capacity is driven by continuously growing internet market, with the vast (and systematically widened) offer of broadband services like VoD, VOiP, data transfer, teleconferencing and teleworking, monitoring etc. Novel systems, in turn, require advanced, reliable, compact and costeffective photonic devices.
20 Gbps operation of the electro-absorption modulator in the COBRA generic integration platform
Marija TRAJKOVIC1,2*, Helene DEBREGEAS2, Kevin A. WILLIAMS1, Xaveer J. M. LEIJTENS1
1COBRA Research Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
2III-V Lab, Campus de Polytechnique, 1 avenue Augustin Fresnel, F-91767 Palaiseau Cedex, France
* m.trajkovic@tue.nl
Introduction: In recent years the generic InP photonic integration has drawn much attention as it allows for simplified, cost-reduced access to the state of the art photonic integrated circuit technology with integrated lasers, amplifiers and the most efficient electro-optic processes. In the COBRA integration platform [1], special attention is devoted to the design of the new building blocks, as they introduce increased functionality.
Extreme Fibre Optic Sensing by Utilizing Photonic Integrated Circuits in Dedicated Packages
Michael HAVERDINGS1*, Rolf EVENBLIJ1
1Technobis tft-fos, Pyrietstraat 2, Alkmaar, 1812 SC, Netherlands
The application of superior technology of integrated photonics has proved to be capable of supporting both new and existing sensing and monitoring solutions for challenging environments and demands. Acting in the frontline with the development of extreme performance in fibre sensing already led to the establishment of noteworthy achievements.
Generation and Manipulation of Spatially Entangled Photon Pairs in Nonlinear Waveguides
Michał JACHURA1, Michał KARPIŃSKI1*, Konrad BANASZEK1, Divya BHARADWAJ2, Jasleen LUGANI3, K THYAGARAJAN2
1Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5 , 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
2Department of Physics, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India 3Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
* mkarp@fuw.edu.pl
Spatial encoding of photonic quantum information offers the advantage of high dimensionality, which can increase the throughput and security of quantum communication protocols. Truly secure quantum communication protocols rely on entanglement. Here we show multimode nonlinear waveguides as a viable platform for integrated generation and manipulation of transverse-mode photonic entanglement. We describe a scheme for generation of spatial entanglement and an integrated electrooptic mode converter for manipulation and verification of spatial entanglement. We numerically show that the proposed devices can be realized in potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) platform.
Taper Design for Vertical Coupling between Isolated Active and Passive Waveguides
Shane P. DUGGAN1,2*, Padraic E. MORRISSEY1,2, Frank H. PETERS1,2
1Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
2University College Cork, College Road, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
* shane.duggan@tyndall.ie
Photonic integration aims to combine separate optoelectronic devices onto a single chip. The goal of this work is to place a passive modulator waveguide above an active laser waveguide with barrier layers between them isolating each device, allowing them to be optimised independently. This monolithic photonic integrated circuit should reduce cost, power input and footprint, and open up possibilities for the integration of other passive and active components which are usually incompatible materially [1,2].
Optimization of a BaTiO3 on Silicon Waveguide Structure for Electro-Optic Modulation
Pau CASTERA1*, Ana M. GUTIERREZ1, Alvaro ROSA1, Domenico TULLI2, Pablo SANCHIS1+
1Nanophotonics Technology Center, Camino de Vera s/n, València, Spain
2DAS Photonics, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
* pacasmo@ntc.upv.es +pabsanki@dcom.upv.es
Over the last years, the silicon photonics platform has become the most cost-effective technology for the implementation of photonic integrated devices. The integration of materials such as barium titanate (BaTiO3 or BTO) compatible with silicon CMOS photonics has been shown as promising way to achieve electro-optic (EO) modulation by way of Pockels effect [1-3].
Design of integrated, tuneable filters for telecom application
Katrin RYLANDER1*, Ronald BROEKE2, Remco STOFFER1, Daniele MELATI3, Andrea MELLONI3, Arjen BAKKER1
1PhoeniX Software, Hengelosestraat 705, 7521 PA Enschede, the Netherlands
2Bright Photonics, Burgemeester van den Helmlaan 67, 3604 CE Maarssen, the Netherlands
3Filarete srl, Via Vanvitelli 45, 20129 Milano, Italy
* katrin.rylander@phoenixbv.com
To increase throughput of mobile data traffic the Comander project [1] proposed a network that merges fibre and wireless solutions. The key component is a Remote Access Unit (RAU) realized as a Photonic Integrated Chip on the Indium Phosphide platforms of Heinrich Hertz Institute (HHI) and Oclaro. RAU chips have been manufactured via the FP7 project PARADIGM. Each RAU combines several tuneable transmitters and receivers. Here we report on the design of the tuneable filter of the receiver circuit for the HHI chip.
Reflection-based 90° sharp turn for InP membrane waveguide circuits
Yuqing JIAO*, Jian LIU, Alonso MILLAN MEJIA, Longfei SHEN, Jos VAN DER TOL
COBRA Research Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
* y.jiao@tue.nl
Abstract: In this work we present the design of a sharp waveguide bend for an InP photonic membrane platform. The reflection-based bend has an effective radius of only 0.96 µm. Low loss and broad band operation are verified.
Development of photonic sensing system for patient condition monitoring during MRI diagnostics
Andrzej KAŹMIERCZAK1*, Stanisław STOPIŃSKI1, Anna JUSZA1, Krzysztof ANDERS1, Konrad MARKOWSKI2, Tomasz OSUCH2, Krzysztof RÓŻANOWSKI3, Jarosław LEWANDOWSKI3 and Ryszard PIRAMIDOWICZ1
1Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
2Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warszawa, Poland
3Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Krasińskiego 54/56, 01-755 Warszawa, Poland
* A.Kazmierczak@imio.pw.edu.pl
Significant progress in the field of fiber-optic sensors has resulted in dynamic development of distributed, all-optical sensing systems connected by optical fibers and interrogated using compact photonic interrogators of high performance. In this work we present a concept of photonic sensing system combining advantages of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based sensors and a photonic integrated circuit based optical interrogator. The proposed system is dedicated to remote, all-optical monitoring of condition of a patient during magnetic resonance imaging.